成绩评定

Python 有两种循环结构。 while循环用于_不确定_（无法计数）的迭代，for循环用于_确定_（可计数）的迭代。 break、continue和else这几个关键字可以帮助你自定义循环的行为。 range()和enumerate()可以帮你进行循环计数和下标访问。

while循环

只要loop expression或“测试”在boolean context中求值为True，while循环就会持续执行；一旦求值为False，循环便会终止：

# Lists are considered "truthy" in a boolean context if they
# contain one or more values, and "falsy" if they are empty.

>>> placeholders = ["spam", "ham", "eggs", "green_spam", "green_ham", "green_eggs"]

>>> while placeholders:
...     print(placeholders.pop(0))
...
'spam'
'ham'
'eggs'
'green_spam'
'green_ham'
'green_eggs'

for循环

Python 中基本的for loop更准确的叫法是 for each，它会依次遍历任何可迭代对象的值，当调用next()不再返回任何值时便结束：

>>> word_list = ["bird", "chicken", "barrel", "bongo"]

>>> for word in word_list:
...    if word.startswith("b"):
...        print(f"{word.title()} starts with a B.")
...    else:
...        print(f"{word.title()} doesn't start with a B.")
...
'Bird starts with a B.'
'Chicken doesn\'t start with a B.'
'Barrel starts with a B.'
'Bongo starts with a B.'

range()序列对象

如果没有给定具体的iterable，就会用特殊的range()序列来充当循环计数器。 range()需要一个int来指定序列在哪里stop，还可以选择性地接收start和step形参。 如果没有提供start数字，序列就从 0 开始。 range()对象是惰性的（值按需生成），支持所有常见序列操作，而且无论指定的序列有多长，占用的内存都是固定的。

# Here we use range to produce some numbers, rather than creating a list of them in memory.
# The values will start with 1 and stop *before* 7

>>> for number in range(1, 7):
...    if number % 2 == 0:
...       print(f"{number} is even.")
...    else:
...       print(f"{number} is odd.")
'1 is odd.'
'2 is even.'
'3 is odd.'
'4 is even.'
'5 is odd.'
'6 is even.'

# range() can also take a *step* parameter.
# Here we use range to produce only the "odd" numbers, starting with 3 and stopping *before* 15.

>>> for number in range(3, 15, 2):
...    if number % 2 == 0:
...       print(f"{number} is even.")
...    else:
...       print(f"{number} is odd.")
...
'3 is odd.'
'5 is odd.'
'7 is odd.'
'9 is odd.'
'11 is odd.'
'13 is odd.'

用enumerate()获取值和下标

如果同时需要值和它们的下标，内置的enumerate(<iterable>)会返回 (index, value) 对：

>>> word_list = ["bird", "chicken", "barrel", "apple"]

# *index* and *word* are the loop variables.
# Loop variables can be any valid python name.

>>> for index, word in enumerate(word_list):
...    if word.startswith("b"):
...        print(f"{word.title()} (at index {index}) starts with a B.")
...    else:
...        print(f"{word.title()} (at index {index}) doesn't start with a B.")
...
'Bird (at index 0) starts with a B.'
'Chicken (at index 1) doesn\'t start with a B.'
'Barrel (at index 2) starts with a B.'
'Apple (at index 3) doesn\'t start with a B.'


# The same method can be used as a "lookup" for pairing items between two lists.
# Of course, if the lengths or indexes don't line up, this doesn't work.

>>> word_list = ["cat", "chicken", "barrel", "apple", "spinach"]
>>> category_list = ["mammal", "bird", "thing", "fruit", "vegetable"]

>>> for index, word in enumerate(word_list):
...    print(f"{word.title()} is in category: {category_list[index]}.")
...
'Cat is in category: mammal.'
'Chicken is in category: bird.'
'Barrel is in category: thing.'
'Apple is in category: fruit.'
'Spinach is in category: vegetable.'

改变循环行为

continue关键字可以用来直接跳到下一次迭代：

word_list = ["bird", "chicken", "barrel", "bongo", "sliver", "apple", "bear"]

# This will skip *bird*, at index 0
for index, word in enumerate(word_list):
    if index == 0:
        continue
    if word.startswith("b"):
        print(f"{word.title()} (at index {index}) starts with a b.")

'Barrel (at index 2) starts with a b.'
'Bongo (at index 3) starts with a b.'
'Bear (at index 6) starts with a b.'

break关键字（和许多与 C 相关的语言一样）可以用来停止迭代，并从最内层的loop中“跳出”：

>>>  word_list = ["bird", "chicken", "barrel", "bongo", "sliver", "apple"]

>>> for index, word in enumerate(word_list):
...    if word.startswith("b"):
...        print(f"{word.title()} (at index {index}) starts with a B.")
...    elif word == "sliver":
...       break
...    else:
...       print(f"{word.title()} doesn't start with a B.")
... print("loop broken.")
...
'Bird (at index 0) starts with a B.'
'Chicken doesn\'t start with a B.'
'Barrel (at index 2) starts with a B.'
'Bongo (at index 3) starts with a B.'
'loop broken.'