物件解構是一種從物件取出屬性的簡潔方式。它的語法和物件實字運算式很像,只是它出現在賦值的左邊,而不是右邊。
const weather = {
sun: '☀️',
sun_behind_small_cloud: '🌤️',
sun_behind_cloud: '⛅',
sun_behind_large_cloud: '🌥️',
sun_behind_rain_cloud: '🌦️',
cloud: '☁️',
cloud_with_rain: '🌧️',
cloud_with_snow: '🌨️',
cloud_with_lightning: '🌩️',
cloud_with_lightning_and_rain: '⛈️',
};
const { sun, cloud, cloud_with_lightning } = weather;
sun;
// => '☀️'
cloud;
// => '☁️'
cloud_with_lightning;
// => '🌩️'
這個語法可以依照鍵取出屬性,例如sun、cloud和cloud_with_lightning,也可以為變數取不同的名稱:
const { sun: sunny, cloud: cloudy, cloud_with_rain: rainy } = weather;
typeof cloud_with_rain;
// => 'undefined'
typeof rainy;
// => 'string'
rainy;
// => 🌧️
賦值時也不一定要用到所有的值。
物件解構賦值可以提供_預設值_,以防來源物件中沒有對應的值:
const { sun = '🌞', tornado = '🌪️', cloud_with_snow: snowy = '❄️' } = weather;
sun;
// => '☀️'
tornado;
// => '🌪️'
snowy;
// => '🌨️'
可以觀察到以下幾點:
sun從物件weather取出,由於它存在於物件weather中,因此沒有被取代,tornado不存在於物件weather中,因此使用了預設值,cloud_with_snow被取出為變數snowy,由於cloud_with_snow存在於物件weather中,因此沒有被取代。weather物件有很多屬性。當它被傳入函式時,可以直接從這個物件取出一個或多個屬性:
function weatherReport({ sun }) {
console.log(sun);
}
weatherReport(sun);
// => '☀️'
for of疊代當疊代一個array(或其他可疊代的物件),而項目又是物件時,可以在for (...) of iterable敘述中進行解構:
const { sun: sunny, cloud: cloudy, cloud_with_rain: rainy } = weather;
const prediction = [
{
chance: 0.8,
weather: sunny,
description: 'There is a 80% chance it will remain sunny.',
},
{
chance: 0.15,
weather: cloudy,
description:
'There is a 15% chance the clouds will keep the sun from poking through.',
},
{
chance: 0.05,
weather: rainy,
description: 'There is a small chance of rain.',
},
];
for (const { weather: symbol, description } of prediction) {
console.log(`${symbol}: ${description}`);
}
// '☀️: There is a 80% chance it will remain sunny.'
// '☁️: There is a 15% chance the clouds will keep the sun from poking through.'
// '🌧️: There is a small chance of rain.'