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while

def self.years_before_desired_balance(current_balance, desired_balance)
  years = 0
  while current_balance < desired_balance
    current_balance = annual_balance_update(current_balance)
    years += 1
  end
  years
end

until

def self.years_before_desired_balance(current_balance, desired_balance)
  years = 0
  until current_balance >= desired_balance
    current_balance = annual_balance_update(current_balance)
    years += 1
  end
  years
end

loop

def self.years_before_desired_balance(current_balance, desired_balance)
  years = 0
  loop do
    current_balance = annual_balance_update(current_balance)
    years += 1
    return years if current_balance >= desired_balance
  end
end

Wie du wahrscheinlich schon bemerkt hast, gibt es in Ruby keinen Operator zum Erhöhen eines Werts (i++), wie ihn einige andere Sprachen haben. Stattdessen kannst du Konstrukte wie i += 1 verwenden (das entspricht i = i + 1).