Meltdown Mitigation

Crystal has what are known as control expressions, these are used to control the way the program will run and they take a truthy or falsey value. There are operators that can be used to create truthy or falsey values, these are known as equality and comparison operators.

There are two main control expressions that are used to control which code will run and which will not. Also known as which given branch will run.

Those two are: if and the unless expression.

Comparison operators

Comparison operators are used to compare values and return a true or false value. These operators require two values of the same type to be compared. If the values are not of the same type then the compiler will throw an error. Here is a list of the comparison operators and an example of when they give a true value:

Equality operators

Equality operators are similar to comparison operators, but they are used to check whether or not two values are equal.

The == operator checks if two values are equal, including the type of the value. If the values are the same then it will return true otherwise it will return false. The == operator can compare any type of value with any other type of value. The != works the same way but will return true if the values are not equal and false if they are equal.

If statement

The if statement is used to check whether a given condition is truthy or falsey. If the condition is truthy then the code inside the if statement will run. An if statement ends with the end keyword.

if 1 == 1
  puts "1 is equal to 1"
end
# => 1 is equal to 1

if 1 > 2
  puts "1 is greater than 2"
end
# => no output

Unless statement

The unless statement works very similarly to the if statement but it will run the code inside the unless statement if the condition is falsey.

unless 1 == 1
  puts "1 is not equal to 1"
end
# => no output

unless 1 > 2
  puts "1 is not greater than 2"
end
# => 1 is not greater than 2

Else statement

The else statement can be used in conjunction with the if and unless statements. The else statement will be executed if the if branch or the unless branch is not executed.

Even though an `else` branch can be used in conjunction with `unless,` it is discouraged to do so because it hurts readability.
Instead, using `if !condition` with an else branch is recommended.

if 1 == 1
  puts "1 is equal to 1"
else
  puts "1 is not equal to 1"
end
# => 1 is equal to 1

unless 1 < 2
  puts "1 is not greater than 2"
else
  puts "1 is greater than 2"
end
# => 1 is greater than 2

"Cascading-if" statements

The elsif statement can be used in conjunction with the if statement. The elsif statement will be executed if the if branch is not executed and the condition of the elsif statement is truthy. elsif statements can be chained together and the first truthy condition will be executed. There can also be an else statement at the end of the if statement which will run if none of the earlier statements has been true.

if 1 != 1
  puts "1 is not equal to 1"
elsif 1 > 2
  puts "1 is greater than 2"
else
  puts "1 is not equal to 1 and 1 is not greater than 2"
end
# => 1 is not equal to 1 and 1 is not greater than 2

Types with conditionals

When assigned to different types, the variable will carry both types. This is because the compiler doesn't know which branch will be executed. This multiple assignment, which is also known as a union, will be explained in later concepts. This can be seen in the following example:

if 1 == 1
  a = 1
else
  a = "1"
end

typeof(a) # => Int32 | String

Ternary Operator

Crystal has a ternary operator, a single line if-else statement: condition ? expression_if_truthy : expression_if_falsey

1 == 1 ? puts("1 is equal to 1") : puts("1 is not equal to 1")
# => 1 is equal to 1