Calculator Conundrum

Exceptions

The Java programming language uses exceptions to handle errors and other exceptional events.

What is an exception

An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts the normal flow of instructions. Exceptions are raised explicitly in Java, and the act of raising an exception is called throwing an exception. The act of handling an exception is called catching an exception.

Java distinguishes three types of exceptions:

1. Checked exceptions
2. Unchecked exceptions
3. Errors

Checked exceptions

Checked exceptions are exceptional conditions that an application should anticipate and recover from. An example of a checked exception is the FileNotFoundException which occurs when a method is trying to read a file that does not exist.

This type of exception is checked at compile-time: methods that throw checked exceptions should specify this in their method signature, and code calling a method that might throw a checked exception is required to handle it or the code will not compile.

All exceptions in Java that do not inherit from RuntimeException or Error are considered checked exceptions.

Unchecked exceptions

Unchecked exceptions are exceptional conditions that an application usually cannot anticipate or recover from. An example of an unchecked exception is the NullPointerException which occurs when a method that is expecting a non-null value but receives null.

This type of exception is not checked at compile-time: methods that throw unchecked exceptions are not required to specify this in their method signature, and code calling a method that might throw an unchecked exception is not required to handle it.

All exceptions in Java that inherit from RuntimeException are considered unchecked exceptions.

Errors

Errors are exceptional conditions that are external to an application. An example of an error is the OutOfMemoryError which occurs when an application is trying to use more memory than is available on the system.

Like unchecked exceptions, errors are not checked at compile-time. They are not usually thrown from application code.

All exceptions in Java that inherit from Error are considered errors.

Throwing exceptions

A method in Java can throw an exception by using the throw statement.

Throwing a checked exception

When throwing a checked exception from a method, it is required to specify this in the method signature by using the throws keyword, as shown in the example below. This forces calling code to anticipate that an exception might be thrown and handle it accordingly.

public class InsufficientBalanceException extends Exception {

}

public class BankAccount {
  public void withdraw(double amount) throws InsufficientBalanceException {
    if (balance < amount) {
      throw new InsufficientBalanceException();
    }

    // rest of the method implementation
  }
}

Throwing an unchecked exception

When throwing an unchecked exception from a method, it is not required to specify this in the method signature - although it is supported.

public class BankAccount {
  public void withdraw(double amount) {
    if (amount < 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot withdraw a negative amount");
    }

    // rest of the method implementation
  }
}

Handling exceptions

Handling exceptions in Java is done with the try, catch and finally keywords.

• Code statements that might throw an exception should be wrapped in a try block.
• The try block is followed by one or more catch blocks that catch the exceptions thrown in the try block.
• The catch blocks are optionally followed by a finally block that always executes after the try block, regardless of whether an exception was thrown or not.

The following example shows how these keywords work:

public class ATM {
  public void withdraw(BankAccount bankAccount, double amount) {
    try {
      System.out.println("Withdrawing " + amount);
      bankAccount.withdraw(amount);
      System.out.println("Withdrawal succeeded");
    } catch (InsufficientBalanceException) {
      System.out.println("Withdrawal failed: insufficient balance");
    } catch (RuntimeException e) {
      System.out.println("Withdrawal failed: " + e.getMessage());
    } finally {
      System.out.println("Current balance: " + bankAccount.getBalance());
    }
  }
}

In this example, when no exception is thrown, the following is printed:

Withdrawing 10.0
Withdrawal succeeded
Current balance: 5.0

However, should the bankAccount.withdraw(amount) statement throw an InsufficientBalanceException, the following is printed:

Withdrawing 10.0
Withdrawal failed: insufficient balance
Current balance: 5.0

Or, in case an unchecked exception is thrown by the bankAccount.withdraw(amount), the following is printed:

Withdrawing -10.0
Withdrawal failed: Cannot withdraw a negative amount
Current balance: 5.0